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THE  ENGLISH  GOVERNMENT 


AND 


THE  RISE  OF  PRUSSIA 

OUTLINES  OF  TWO  COURSES  OF  LECTURES 

BY 

CHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS 


i 


TWO  COURSES  OF  LECTURES  ON  MODERN  HISTORY. 


THE  ENGLISH  GOVERNMENT, 


AND 


THE  RISE  OF  PRUSSIA. 


OUTLINES 


PREPARED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  SENIOR  CLASS 


IN  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN. 


By  CHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS, 


PROFESSOR   OF   HISTORY. 


ANN  ARBOR: 
SHEEHAN   &  CO. 


THE  I'vKCJISTEIi  BOOK  IMilXTINCJ  IIOI'SK. 


O 


TO 

PROFESSOR  JAMES  R.  BOISE,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 

IN   GKATITUDE   FOR   INSTRUCTION   AND    KKIENDSHI 1', 

THESE  LECTURES 

ARE   AFFECTIONATELY   DEDICATED. 


A 

m25«134 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVlicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/englishgovernmenOOadam4ch 


PREFACE. 


The  Lectures  of  which  the  outhnes  are  here  presented  form 
a  part  of  the  course  of  instruction  offered  to  students  electing 
history  during  the  first  semester  of  the  Senior  year.  During  the 
second  semester  a  similar  course  is  given  on  the  Political  History 
of  the  United  States. 

The  lectures  are  given  on  Wednesdays  and  Fridays  at  4 
o'clock.  On  the  other  days  of  the  week  students  who  have  elected 
history  assemble  at  the  same  hour  for  the  reading  of  historical 
theses  and  the  discussion  of  historical  questions.  At  the  first 
meeting  in  each  semester,  the  class  is  divided  into  sections  of 
twelve  or  fourteen  students  each,  and  a  series  of  historical  questions 
are  assigned  with  numerous  references  to  historical  authorities. 
Each  of  these  questions  occupies  the  attention  of  each  section  of 
the  class  for  one  week.  Every  student  is  required  to  read  before 
the  class  in  the  course  of  the  semester  one  thesis  and  one  critique, 
the  thesis  being  on  one  of  the  historical  questions,  and  the 
critique  being  on  a  thesis  presented  by  one  of  the  other  members 
of  the  class.  Every  student  is  further  required  to  investigate 
each  week  the  question  for  that  week,  and  to  come  to  the  class 
prepared  to  communicate  the  results  of  his  investigations.  The 
questions  considered  during  the  first  semesrer  pertain  to  the 
constitutional  history  of  England ;  those  during  the  second 
semester  to  the  constitutional  history  of  the  United  States.  The 
method  pursued  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  adopted  in  the 
Historische  Gesellschaften  of  the  German  Universities, 


VI  PREFACE. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  course  of  study  it  has  been  my 
constant  aim  to  do  what  I  cculd  to  inspire  the  student  under  my 
instruction  with  a  love  of  historical  study.  It  is  my  conviction 
that  of  all  students  those  of  America  need  most  at  the  present 
time  to  know  what  the  world  teaches  concerning  the  best  methods 
of  solving  great  political  and  social  problems.  While,  therefore, 
this  course  of  study  has  not  been  arranged  with  exclusive 
reference  to  any  single  class  of  students,  it  is  thought  to  be* 
especially  adapted  to  the  wants  of  those  who  are  likely  to  be 
more  or  less  engaged  in  the  study  and  discussion  of  constitutional 
and  political  questions. 

C.  K.  A. 


SYLLABUS  OF  LFXTURES 


ON  THE 


ENGLISH  GOVERNMENT 


I. 

GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


1 .  Purpose  of  the  course. 

2.  General  utility  of  the  study  of  government. 

3.  Special  utility  of  such  a  study  in  our  own  country  and  in 
our  own  time.     Remark  of  Huxley. 

4.  Important  influence  in  this  direction  of  travel  and  histor- 
ical study. 

5.  Influence    in     the    same    direction    of    our    Centennial 
Exhibition. 

6.  Special  reasons  for  a  careful   study  of  the  English  gov- 
ernment. 

7.  Certain  paradoxes  and  compensations. 

8.  Some  tests  by  which  the  merits  of  any  government  may 
be  ascertained. 

9.  How  the  English  government  responds  to  these  tests. 

10.  English  methods  contrasted  with  French  methods. 

11.  The  political  record  of  England  during  this  century. 

12.  General  testimony  of  those  who  study  English  institutions 
with  care. 

13.  General  spirit  of  the  English  people. 

14.  The  British  Empire  as  seen  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition. 


The  E^igUsh    Government. 
II. 

HISTORICAL  INTRODUCTION 


THE  ENGLISH    GOVERNMENT    A    GROWTH    AND    NOT    A    CREATION. 
SAYINGS  OF  DE  TOCQUEVILLE  AND    MACAULAY. 

I.  PERIOD  OF  THE  SAXONS. 

1.  Administration  of  local  government. 

2.  Care  for  personal  security. 

3.  Efforts  towards  federal  government. 

II.  PERIOD  OF  THE  NORMANS. 

1.  What  v>-as  needed  seen  by  subsequent  history  of  other 
nations. 

2.  What  was  secured. 

3.  Modifications  of  feudalism. 

4.  Immediate  consequen  ces  of  the  Norman  conquest : — {a) 
Unity  of  the  State  ;  (3)  Overthrow  of  baronial  power  ;  (c) 
Dominance  of  law  ;    {cT)  Judicial  system,  including  trial  by  jury. 

5.  Remote  consequences  of  the  Norman  Conquest : — {a)  The 
Great  Charter,  (its  apparent  and  its  real  services  to  English  Lib- 
erty) ;   (^)  The  establishment  of  a  true  representation. 

III.  PERIOD  OF  THE  PLANTAGENETS  AND  TUDORS. 

1 .  Responsibility  of  judges. 

2.  Responsibility  of  Ministers  and  Administrators. 

3.  x\ids  must  originate  with  the  Commons. 

4.  Laws  must  bear  the  form  of  bills  and  receive  Parlia- 
mentary sanction. 

5.  Evidence  of  Sir  John  Fortescue. 

IV.  PERIOD  OF  THE  STUARTS. 

1.  Nature  of  the  antagonism. 

2.  The  kings,  the  real  revolutionists  ;  and  why. 

3.  The  struggle  results  in  a  confirmation  of  the  constitution 
essentially  as  it  was. 

4.  Powers  of  the  English  Parliament. 

5.  Parliamentary  Government  as  distinguished  from  Repub- 
lican Goyernment. 


The  English   Government. 
III. 

THE  CROWN. 


FIRST  LECTURE. 
I.  REVERENCE  FOR  THE  CROWN  AS  A  FACT. 

1.  This  reverence  shown  by  the  habitual  bearing  of  Chatham 
and  others. 

2.  By   popular    demonstrations    towards   William    IV.    and 
Victoria. 

3.  By  national   thanksgiving  on  the  recovery  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales. 

4.  By  popular  interest  in  the  Prince  of  Wales'  visit  to  India. 

5.  By  universal  interest  in  the  "  Court  Calendar." 

II.  REVERENCE  FOR  THE  CROWN  AS  A  THEORY. 

1.  Social  power  as  distinguished  from  political  power. 

2.  Bagehot's  remark  concerning  a   "  deferential"  spirit  and 
the  want  of  it.     Illustrations  of  its  presence  and  its  absence. 

3.  Impressions  of  Dickens  in  America. 

4.  The  influence  on  society  of  a  splendid  Court. 

5.  The  real  power  of  what  is  theoretical  in  distinction  from 
what  is  essential. 

6.  Bagehot's  distinction  between  the  efficient  parts  and  the 
dignified  parts  of  a  government. 

7.  Power  of  the  popular  imagination  as  illustrated   in  our 
own  political  campaigns. 

8.  The  Crown  in  theory  turns  this  power  to  political  account. 

III.  THE  CONDITIONS  OF  ACCESSION. 

1.  Notion  of  Hereditary  Right: — Established  not  by  Divine 
Right,  but  by  Common  Law. 

2.  Statute  of  Qiieen  Anne  touching  the  Rights  of  Succession. 

3.  Opinions  of  Aylmer  in  answer  to  Knox  concerning  the 
powers  of  the  Crown. 

4.  Opinions  of  Black  stone  concerning  the  Law  of  Descent. 

5.  Coronation  oath  required. 

6.  Opinion  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale  as  to  allegiance  due  to  1  de 
facto  King. 

7.  Right  of  Parliament  to  declare  the  throne  vacant. 

8.  Constructive  right  of  Parliament  concerning  the  Crown, 
B 


10  l^hc  English   Govcynwoii. 

IV. 

THE  CROWN. 


SECOND  LECrURE. 
I.  ROYAL  PREROGATIVES. 

1.  Exemption  from  suits  at  law:    methods  of  redress. 

2.  Not  responsible  for  its  acts  :  —  responsibility  of  advisers  and 
ap^cnts. 

3.  'I'lie  soverei^^n  is  not  a  minor  : — law  s  concerning  a  regency. 

4.  "  The  sovereign  never  dies." 

5.  Is  the  owner  of  all  landed  property. 

6.  Alone  represents  the  nation  abroad  : — the  part  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

7.  Is  the  chief  of  all  »!!agistraies. 
S.  Sends  and  receives  ambassadors. 

9.  Concludes  treaties  and  alliances  : — dependence  on  Parlia- 
ment. 

10.  Can  expel  all  foreigners  fiom  the  kingdom. 

11.  Grants  safe  conducts  tf)  subjects  of  a  hostile  power. 

12.  Alone  can  initiate   measure    of  general  pardon  : —legal 
limitation  of  this  prerogati^  c. 

13.  Is  generalissimo  of  the  army. 

14.  Can  forbid  the  wearing  of  arms. 

iv   Can  forbid  any  of  his  subjects  to  leave  the  realm. 

16.  Is  the  highest  judge  in  the  realm. 

17.  Alone  prosecutes  criminals  in  court. 

iS.  Alone  can  pardon  or  release: — limitations  by  law^. 

20.  Can  coin  money  : — but  cannot  debase  it. 

21.  Is    the    head    of    the    churcli : — appoints  the    clergy  of 
England  and  Scotland. 

22.  Has  the  right  to  veto  Parliamentary  measures. 

23.  Can  dissolve,  prorogue,  and  sunniion  Parliament. 

24.  Can  order  the  election  of  a  new  House  of  Commons. 

25.  Can  create  new  peers. 

II.  THE  COURT. 

1.  Classes  into  which  the  Court  is  divided. 

2.  Changes  in  the  Court  on  a  change  of  Ministry. 

3.  Court  Ladies  ;  "Honorable." 

4.  Parliamentary  appropriations  for  royal  household. 

5.  The  '-Civil  List." 

6.  Special  appropriations  and  special  sources  of  income. 


The  English    Govern mc7it.  1 1 


V. 

THE  PRIVY  COUNCIL:  THE  CABINET 
AND  TFiE  MINISTRY. 


I.  THE  PRIVY  COUNCIL. 

1.  Methods  under  various  governments  of  sccuriuij  the 
co-operation  of  men  of  talent:  in  Germany,  in  France,  and  else- 
where. 

2.  Privy  Council  in  England  under  the  Normans. 

3.  Solicitude  of  Parliament  concerning  the  King's  advisers. 
'  4.  ComiDlaint  under  Lancastrian  Kings. 

5.  The  Star-Chamber,  and  its  early  services  in  behalf  of 
liberty. 

6.  Privy  Council  under  the  Tudors. 

7.  Number  in  the  Privy  Council  at  different  periods. 

8.  Frequency  of  meeting  ; — duration  of  membership. 

9.  Legal  importance  of  the  acts  of  the  Privy  Council. 

10.  Committees:  {a)  Board  of  Trade  ;  {b)  Judicial  Com- 
iniltee;   (c).  Committee  on  Education. 

11.  Moral  importance  of  the  Privy  Council. 

II.  THE  CABINET. 

1.  Anomalous  position  of  Cabi^iet  Ministers. 

2.  Membership  under  different  Sovereigns. 

3.  The  manner  of  appointment: — illustrations. 

4.  Cabinet  officers  as  members  of  Privy  Council. 

5.  Growing  power  and  importance  of  the  Cabinet. 

III.  THE  MINISTRY. 

1.  How  it  is  constructed. 

2.  Limitations  in  the  choice  of  a  Ministry. 

3.  Functions  of  the  Ministry  as  described  by  Macaulay  and 
Todd. 

4 .  The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  this  form  of  admin- 
istration. 

5.  The  Cabinet  and  Ministry  in  England  compared  with 
similar  bodies  in  France,  and  in  the  United  States. 

6.  Popular  Government  con&idered  in  relation  to  popular 
opinion, 


12  The  English    Government. 

VI. 

THE  ENGLISH  CIVIL  SERVICE. 


I.  GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

1.  Importance  of  the  subject  argued  :  {a)  From  the  number 
of  officars  ;  {b)  The  difficulty  of  constant  supervision  ;  (c)  The 
analogy  of  military  affairs ;  {d)  The  experience  of  various 
nations. 

2.  Conditions  of  highest  efficiency  in  any  important  service  : 
{a)  Ability ;   {b)   Honesty ;   {c)   Experience. 

3.  Methods  by  which  these  conditions  are  secured  in  private 
affairs.     Examples. 

II.  EXPERIENCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Constitutional  oversight. 

2.  Metliods  under  Washington,  Jeff^erson,  and  others. 

3.  Radical  change  of  methods  under  President  Jackson. 

4.  Subsequent  growth  and  power  of  the  system. 

5.  Its  influence  in  degrading  public  service. 

6.  Its  effects  seen  :  («)  In  our  low  standards  of  civil  service  ; 
{b)  In  a  general  call  for  reform. 

III.  CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM  IN  ENGLAND. 

1.  The  old  method. 

2.  The  result  as  seen  in  the  testimony  of  Windham,  of 
Montelembert  and  of  Gneist. 

3.  Difficulties  in  the  way  of  reform. 

4.  Ffforts  of  Northcote,  Trevelyan,  Romily,  Jowett. 

5.  Labors  of  Parliamentary  Commissions. 

6.  Reports  of  the  "  Committee  of  Inquiry  into  Public 
Affairs."     (1854.) 

7.  Report  of  "  Select  Committee  on  Civil  Service  Appoint- 
ments."    (i860.) 

8.  Arguments  urged  in  opposition  to  reform. 

9.  Compromise  adopted. 

10.  Division  of  civil  officers  into  political  aud  non-political, 

11.  Methods  of  appointment  in  each. 

12.  Results. 


The  English    Government. 
VII. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 


FIRST  LECTURE. 
MEMBERSHIP. 

1 .  Those  holding  seats  by  hereditary  right ;— Dukes,  Mar- 
quises, Earls,  Viscounts,  Barons. 

2.  Those  holding  seats  by  summons  of  the  Crown :  {a) 
Circumstances  under  which  peers  are  created  ;  {b)  Influence 
upon  the  character  of  the  House. 

3.  Those  holding  seats  by  virtue  of  their  ofiice  : — Arch- 
bishops, and  Bishops, 

4.  Those  holding  seats  by  election  for  life  : — Irish  Peers  ; — 
conditions  of  choice. 

5.  Those  holding  seats  by  election  for  duration  of  Parlia- 
ment : — Scotch  Peers  ; — conditions  of  choice. 

6.  Two  methods  of  losing  membership. 

7.  Attempt  to  create  life  peerages  unsuccessful. 

8.  Decline  of  the  power  of  the  Spiritual  Peers. 

9.  Increase  of  the  power  of  the  Temporal  Peers. 
IQ.  Special  privileges  of  the  Peers. 

1 1 .  Privileges  of  the  sons  of  Peers. 

12.  The  Presidency  of  the  House  of  Lords. 

13.  Number  of  membership  as  at  present  constituted. 

14.  Number  of  members  constituting  a  quorum,  and  number 
usually  in  attendance. 

15.  Habits  of  the  House. 


14  The  English    Govertwient. 

VIII. 

.     THE  HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 


SECOND  LECTURE. 
I.  ITS  POLITICAL  FUNCTIONS. 

1.  Political  duties  of  the  Lords  compared  with  those  of  the 
Commons.  The  President's  power.  That  of  the  old  Corps 
Leglslatlf.  ' 

2.  The  place  of  conservatism  and  radicalism  in  legislation. 
Dangers  from  each. 

3.  Why  England  calls  for  much  conservatism. 

4.  Why  the  Commons  cannot  furnish  it. 

5.  Why  the  Lords,  if  not  the  best,  still  furnish  a  good  con- 
servative element ;  {a)  They  have  leisure  ;  {I))  They  are  incor- 
ruptible ;  (c)   They  are  independent ;    (^d)    They  have  ability. 

6.  Testimony  of  Montesquieu,  DeLolme,  De  Tocqueville, 
and  Von  Raumer  as  to  the  character  of  the  House. 

7.  The  first  and  the  last  judgment  of  foreigners. 

IL  ITS  MORAL  FUNCTIONS. 

1.  Guizot's  remark  on  the  importance  of  influence  com- 
pared with  that  of  power. 

2.  The  Lords  furnish  a  tangible  hope  of  reward  for  great 
services. 

3.  English  system  of  rewards  compared  with  our  own  and 
others. 

4.  Influence  of  this  system. 

5.  The  Lords  do  much  to  break  the  worship  of  wealth  and 
the  tendency  of  wealth  to  monopolize  talent. 

6.  Two  ways  in  which  this  is  accomplished. 

7.  The  Lords  furnish  the  nation  a  school  of  manners. 

8.  Unappreciated  importance  of  manners  as  a  power  among 
men.     Examples :   Fox,  Metternich,  Clay,  Holland,  and  others. 

9.  Tendency  to  imitate  nobility.  Examples :  Louis  XIV, 
Bedford,  Isabella,  Charles  VII,  Henry  IV,  Louis  VII. 

10.  The  Lords  "  have  made  England  that  strong  box  and 
museum  that  it  is," 


The  English  Government, 
IX. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 


FIRST  LECTURE. 
I.  THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

( .  The  tirst  representation. 

2.  The  term  Parliament -first  applied. 

3.  F'irst  representation  of  cities  and  boroughs. 

4.  The  Parliament  of  1295. 

V  Division  into  separate  houses. 

6.  Want  of  uniformity  in  Parliamentary  practice. 

7.  Position  of  the  Commons  0:1  the  accession  of  the  house  of 
Lancaster.     (1399).  i 

11.  DEVELOPMENT  OF  RIGHTS  AND  PRIVILEGES. 

1.  General  habit  of  the  Commons  in  the  middle  ages. 

2.  The  Commons  in  England  previous  to  1399. 

3.  Privilege  of  originating  "Money  Bills." 

4.  Additional  privileges  under  Richard  IL 

5.  First  examples  of  impeachment. 

6.  Frequency    of   meeting   and    methods    of    securing    at- 
tendance. 

7.  Changes  under  the  Tudors  for  the  worse. 

6.  Four  causes  of  these  changes.  ^ 

9.  Relations  of  the  Crown  to  Parliament  under  the  Tudors. 

10.  Importance    of  these  relations  in    aiding  our    judgment 
in  regard  to  ensuing  events. 

11.  The  Commons  under  Cromwell  and  the  Stuarts. 

12.  The  work  of  the  Restoration. 

13.  The  Bill  of  Rights  as  the  fruit  of  the  Revolution. 

14.  Six  most  important  provisions  of  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

15.  Subsequent  development  of  the   Commons  previous  to 
1832.' 


i6  The  English   (government. 

X. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 


SECOND  LECTURE. 

THE  REFORM  OF  1832. 

I.  REPRESENTATION  BEFORE  THE  REFORM. 

1.  Changes  between  1773  and  1832. 

2.  Nature  of  "Rotten"  and  "Nomination"  boroughs. 

3.  Examples :   Old  Sarum,  Winchelsea,   Bute,  Gatton,  Lud- 
ger's  Hall,  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  « 

4.  Power  of  smaller  buroughs  compared  with  the    cities  : — 
London  and  Cornwall.     Saying  of  Paley. 

5.  Prevalence  of  bribery  : — Letter  of  Lady  Montagu  ;  Nabobs, 
Earl  Spencer ;  Chesterfield. 

6.  General  Result  of  this  system. 

II.  WHY  THE  REFORM  WAS  SO  LONG   DELAYED. 

1.  The  character  of  the  House. 

2.  General  indifference  to  logical  results. 

3.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolution. 

4.  Attitude  of  Chatham,  Paley,  Junius,  Burke,  and  others. 

5.  English  methods  as  seen  in  the  light  of  French  methods. 

6.  Cause    of  ultimate  triumph.      Macaulay's  description  of 
the  "  Division." 

II.  CHANGES  INTRODUCED  BY  THE  REFORM. 

1 .  Rotton  boroughs  destroyed. 

2.  Seats  re-distributed. 

3.  Basis  of  franchise  changed. 

4.  Present  conditions  of  membership. 

5.  Conditions  of  voting  since  1867. 

6.  Nature  of  the  Ballot  Act. 

7.  Proportion  of  voters  to  the  whole  population. 

8.  Present  composition  of  the  House. 


The  English   Government.  17 

XI. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 


THIRD  LECTURE. 
I.  APPEARANCE  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

1.  Historical  associations  clustering  about  it. 

2.  Its  most  interesting  approaches. 

3.  Its  surroundings. 

4.  Old  Westminster  Hall. 

5.  The  courts  and  corridors. 

6.  The  peculiarity  of  the  chamber  itself. 

II.  ITS  METHODS  OF  WORK. 

1.  The  manners  which  prevail  in  the  House  ;  and  elsewhere. 

2.  Intolerance  of  certain  kinds  of  oratory. 

3.  Oratorical  methods  compared  with  those  prevailing  in 
legislative  assemblies  in  other  nations :  France  ;  Germany ;  the 
United  States  ;  and  elsewhere. 

4.  Peculiar  habits  of  the  Commoners  as  auditors. 

5.  Influence  of  this  habit  illustrated  by  the  early  career  of 
Disraeli ;  and  that  of  others. 

6.  Habit  of  the  Commoners  as  speakers. 

7.  Influence  of  the  habit  illustrated  in  Palmerston,  Packing- 
ton  and  Roebuck. 

8.  General  impressions  made  by  the  House  on  a  stranger. 

9.  The  House  of  Commons  as  a  place  of  business, 
c 


I§:  The  English    Governmenh 

XII. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 


FOURTH  LECTURE. 
I.  RELATIONS  OF  THE  CABINET  TO  THE  HOUSE. 

1.  Peculiarities  of  Parliamentary  government;  two  results. 

2.  Relations  of  the  Cabinet  to  the  Commons. 

3.  Connection  between  the  abandonment  of  the  veto  and 
the  representation  of  the  government  in  Parliament. 

4.  Theory  on  which  the  Cabinet  is  constructed. 

5.  Theories  in  France  and  in  Germany. 

6.  Reports  of  Select  Committees  of  1848  and  1861. 

II.  ORDER  AND  HABITS  IN  THE  COMMONS. 

1.  The  standing  order  of  business. 

2.  Powers  and  privileges  of  the  "Speaker." 

3.  Duties  of  the  "  Whips,"  and  the  "Junior  Lords  of  the 
Treasury." 

4.  Parliamentary  duties  of  the  "  Leader." 

5.  Glimpses  of  the  official  life  of  Disraeli. 

6.  Constitutional  protection  of  the  minority ;  and  of  tlie 
majority. 

7.  The  "  Count-out :"  Its  uses  and  abuses. 

8.  Time  and  continuance  of  the  daily  session. 

III.  MOST  ESSENTIAL  ELEMENTS  OF  GREATNESS. 

1.  Methods  of  choosing  members:  (a:)  Method  of  nomi- 
nating members ;  (3)  Method  of  voting  ;  (c)  Method  of  securing 
the  opinions  of  the  most  intelligent  men. 

2.  Methods  of  keeping  good  members  in  the  House  :  («) 
St^te  of  public  opinion  as  to  "  Rotation ; "  (<5)  Great  liberties 
of  constituents  in  the  absence  of  geographical  limitaHons. 

3.  Methods  of  bringing  best  members  into  most  prominence  : 
(a)  By  great  publicity  of  debate — absence  of  committees  ;  {b) 
By  tenure  of  position  ;  (c)  By  great  inducements  in  the  way  of 
promotion  ;  (a^)  By  great  importance  of  questions  considered. 
Bagehot's  estimates  of  the  functions  of  a  good  House. 


7 he  English    GovcrnmcuL  19 

XIll. 

THE  ENGLISH  JUDICIARY. 


1.  The  conceded  excellence  of  the  English  Judiciary  as  a 
whole. 

2.  Conditions  on  which  its  excellence  depends. 

I.  THE  EDUCATION  AND  POSITION  OF  THE  JURIST. 

1.  The  four  Inns  of  Court;  {a)  Their  situation  and  history; 
{b)  The  Benchers  ;  {c)  The  privileges  of  Benchers  and  students  ; 
{d)  Power  of  the  Inns  over  the  profession  ;  {e)  Right  of  appeal 
from  the  Benchers  ;   {b)  Final  examination. 

2.  The  Inns  of  Chancery  :  {a)  Their  number  and  charac- 
ter ;   {b)  Their  peculiarities. 

3.  Classes ;  {a)  Attorneys  and  Solicitors ;  {b)  Baristers ; 
{c)  Sergeants ;   {d)  Judges. 

II.  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  COURTS. 

1.  The  Court  of  Queen's  Bench. 

2.  The  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

3.  The  Court  of  Exchequer. 

4.  The  Circuits. 

5.  The  new  County  Courts.     Minor  Courts. 

6.  Excellencies  and  defects  of  the  system. 

7.  The  Judicature  Act  of  1873. 

III.  SALARIES  AND  TENURE  OF  JUDGES. 

1.  Popular  theory  as  to  the  position  of  Judge. 

2.  Conditions  necessary  to  secure  the  best  Judges:  {a)  Sal- 
aries; {b)  Security  of  Tenures;  (c)  Honor  of  the  position. 

3.  How  the  English  Government  fulfills  these  conditions. 

4.  General  result  as  shown  in  the  character  of  the  Courts ; 
and  in  the  ordinary  administration  of  Justice. 


20  The  English    Government. 

XIV. 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  IN  ENGLAND. 


I.  GENERAL   DIFFERENCE  BETWEEN   LOCAL   GOVERNMENT 
IN  ENGLAND  AND  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Parliamentary  legislation  in  local  affairs. 

2.  Absence  of  local  Parliaments. 

3.  Greater  power  given  to  local  officers. 

4.  Influence  of  the  two  systems  upon  liberty. 

II.  COUNTY  OFFICES  AND  OFFICERS. 

1.  The  County  in  former  times  and  now. 

2.  The  Sherifl'  and  other  officers  of  police. 

3.  Justices  of  the  Peace  and  their  functions. 

III.  MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENTS. 

1.  Meaning  of  the  words,  City,  Town,  and  Village. 

2.  Municipal  Corporations. 

3.  Under  the  Saxons  :  Burgesses  ;  Freedmen  ;  wSerfs  ;  Slaves. 

4.  Transformation  by  the  institution  of  Guilds. 

5.  Changes  on  the  accession  of  the  House  of  York. 

6.  "Corporate  Rights"  in  England  and  in  America. 

6.  Abuses  under  the  old  system. 

7.  The  ''Municipal  Corporation  Act"  of  1835,  as  touching: 
{a)  Burgesses;  {h)  Trading;  {c)  Municipal  Councils;  {d) 
Aldermen. 

8.  Reform  of  1857,  touching  election  of  Councilmen. 

IV.  THE  PARISH. 

1.  The  Parish  geographically  considered. 

2.  Its  Temporal  as  distinguished  from  its  Spiritual  functions. 

3.  Who  are  Parishioners  and  what  are  their  rights.'* 

4.  The  duties  of    Wardens  and  the  manner  of  their  choice. 

5.  Select  Vestrymen  and  their  duties  ;  "  Hobhouse  Act." 

6.  Power  of  the  Vestry.     Certain  erronious  impressions. 

7.  Rights  of  Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  Qiiakers,  etc. 

8.  Gneist's  declaration  as  to  the  rejection  of  Church  rates. 

9.  Attitude  of  the  general  government  towards  the  Parish. 

10.  Is  the  method  consistent  with  "  Self-government.'*" 


The  English    Government.  zi 

XV. 

THE    COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT   OF 
GREAT  BRITAIN. 

1.  Vast  extent  of  the  British  Empire. 

2.  Variety  of  Races,  Laws  and  Constitutions. 

3.  Schemes  for  Colonial  representation. 

4.  Classification    of   the   Colonies :     {a)  That   of    Heeren  ; 
(d)   That  of  Creasy  ;  {c)   That  of  the  Government. 

I    THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  DOMINIONS. 

1.  Canada  under  the  "  Old  Regimey 

2.  Discontents  under  early  British  rule.     Lord  Durham. 

3.  Re-union  of  the  Canadas.     Extent  of  territory. 

4.  Constitution  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

5.  Government  of  British  Columbia. 

II.  ASIATIC  DOMINIONS. 

1.  Principles  of  government  for  India. 

2.  Powers  of  the  Crown  and  of  the  Governors-General. 

3.  Government  in  Council.     Mill's  estimate. 

4.  Indian  Civil  Service.     Attitude  towards  natives. 

5.  Other  Asiatic  Colonies. 

III.  AUTRALASIAN  DOMINIONS. 
I.Australasia  : — Australia  ;  Tasmania  ;  New  Zealand. 

2.  Characteristics  of  the  different  Colonies. 

3.  Prevalence  of  Representative  and  Responsible  Government. 

4.  Progress  of  European  and   decline  of  native  population. 

5.  Islands  in  the  Pacific  ;  and  their  probable  future. 

IV.  AFRICAN  DOMINIONS. 

1.  Capture  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by  the  British. 

2.  Annexation  of  British  Kafiraria,  and  other  Colonies. 

3.  Constitution  and  Government. 

V.  THE  WEST  INDIAN  DOMINIONS. 

1.  Jamaica  and  its  government. 

2.  The  Bahamas  and  their  government. 

3.  The  Bermudas  and  their  government. 

4.  Other  British  possessions. 

5.  The  Colonies  and  the  Imperial  Government. 


22  The  English    Government. 

XVI. 

THE  ENGLAND  OF  TO-DAY. 


I.  FIRST  IMPRESSIONS. 

1.  Sayings  of  Alfieri,  Tennyson,  Robertson,  and  Emerson. 

2.  Wealth  of  England  past  and  present. 

3.  Tendencies  of  wealth  :  Bredalbane,  Sutherland,  Devon- 
shire, Richmond,  Westminster. 

4.  Number  and  Poverty  of  the  poor  ;  Personal  observation. 
Testimony  of  Bradlaugh,  Hamerton,  and  Taine. 

5.  Is  poverty  .becoming  more  general.?  Testimony  of  Hal- 
lam,  Carlyle,  Taine,  Miss  Aiken,  and  others. 

6.  Acres  under  tillage.  Declaration  of  Mr.  Bradlaugh  in 
the  light  of  the  "Report  of  the  Board  of  Trade,"  of  1872,  and  of 
the  "Blue  Book"  of  1876. 

II.  THE  RELATIONS  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 

1.  As  affected  by  the  law  of  Supply  and  Demand.  Mr. 
Brassey's  illustration  ;  illustration  from  America. 

2.  As  affected  by  the  prevalence  of  freedom.  Mr.  Brad- 
laugh's  error. 

3.  As  affected  by  fundamental  rights  ;  Blackstone's  enumera- 
tion :  {a)  Personal  Liberty;  (<5j  Personal  Security;  {c)  Secur- 
ity of  Property. 

4.  As  affected  by  the  relations  of  Liberty  and  Equality. 

5.  As  affected  by  the  laws  of  Primogeniture  and  Entail. 
Certain  erroneous  impressions. 

6.  As  affected  by  an  excess  of  Population ;  comparisons 
between  England  and  other  countries. 

7.  As  atlected  by  fundamental  laws  controlling  wages :  {a) 
Two  general  means  by  which  wages  may  be  raised  ;  {b)  Two 
methods  by  which  the  call  for  labor  may  be  increased. 

III.    PRESENT  TENDENCIES. 

1.  As  shown  in  a  fidelity  to  English  institutions. 

2.  In  the  conditions  of  political  success  : — America  : — France. 

3.  In  what  England  has  done  during  the  present  century. 

4.  As  shown  in  the  moral  and  social  vigor  of  England 
when  compared  w^ith  the  nations  of  the  past. 


LECTURES 

ON 

THE  RISE  OF  PRUSSIA. 


I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

At  the  beginning  of  the   iSth  century   Europe  controlled  by 
four  great  powers.     Purpose  in  this  course  of  lectures. 
I.  POLITICAL   ISOLATION  IN  GERMANY. 

1.  Causes  of  this  isolation:  (a)  Changes  in  the  relation  of 
the  Estates  and  the  Territorial  Princes  to  the  Emperor  ;  (<5) 
Alliances  of  Princes ;    (c)  Anarchy  resulting  from  this  alliance. 

2.  Effects  of  this  isolation  :  («)  A  nationality  made  impos- 
sible. (Comparison  of  Germany  and  Rome)  ;  {b)  Personal  lib- 
erty developed,  (remarks  of  De  Stael) ;  {c)  Reformation  en- 
couraged ;  id)  Great  intellectual  activity  awakened  ;  {e')  Estab- 
lishment of  petty  individual  governments. 

II.  POLITICAL  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  THIRTY  YEARS'  WAR. 

1.  Alliance  of  Austria  and  the  Bishoprics. 

2.  Discussion  concerning  the  Cleves  suceession. 

3.  Policy  of  Austria,  and  that  of  Brandenburg. 

4.  The  real  political  question  at  issue. 

5.  The  statesmanship  of  Richelieu,  of  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
and  others. 

6.  What  was  prevented. 

7.  What  was  established :  {a)  Emperors  had  to  abandon 
all  hopes  of  controlling  the  religion  of  the  people ;  {hi)  Political 
power  of  the  Emperors  was  broken  ;  (c)  Territorial  Princes 
were  aggrandized. 


24  The  Rise  of  Prussia. 

IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT  OF  GER- 
MANY AFTER  THE  THIRTY  YEARS' 
WAR.  

I.  GEOGRAPHICALLY. 

1.  Losses  and  gains  by  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia. 

2.  Aggregate  extent  of  territory  and  population. 

3.  The  number  of  individual  governments  independent  and 
quasi  independent. 

IL  POLITICALLY. 

1.  Division  into  circuits,  {Kreise.) 

2.  Imperial  Villages  {Reichsdorfer) ;  and  Imperial  Estates. 
(  Reichsu  n  rn  ittelb  a  re  Herrsch  aft  en. ) 

3.  Imperial       Knights'     Estates     {Reichsritterschaftliche 
Gutter.) 

4.  Question  of  ultimate  sovereignty. 

5.  Sources  of  revenue. 

6.  Oaths  administered  to  the  Emperor. 

7.  Embarrassments  diplomatic  and  legislative. 

8.  Organization  of  the  Imperial  army. 

9.  Organization  of  the  Imperial  Diet :    {a)    Electors ;    {h) 
Princes  ;  {c)   Free  cities. 

10.  Corpus  Catholicorum  and  Corpus  Evangelicorum  and 
their  privileges. 

II.  Imperial  Courts  of  Judicature. 

12.  Examples    show^ing  the    impotence    of  the  courts,   and 
the  imbecility  of  the  government. 


The  Rise  of  Prussia.  25 

III. 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT   IN   GERMANY 
IN  THE  18TH  CENTURY. 


I.  CLASSES  OF  SOCIETY. 

I    Die  jFiirsten^  (The  Princes.) 

2.  Die  Stdnde,  (The  Nobility.) 

3.  Der  Adel,  (The  Gentry.) 

4.  Das  Volk,  (The  People.) 

II.  RELATIONS  OF  THE  CLASSES  TO  ONE  ANOTHER. 

1.  Pernicious  theory  concerning  these  relations, 

2.  Testimony  of  Seckendorf,  Sugenheim,  and  Kreitsmeyer. 

3.  Alliances  of  Princes  with  :  (^a)  The  Nobility ;  {b)  The 
Gentry  ;   (c)   The  People. 

4.  Number  and  character  of  local  officers. 

III.  REPRESENTATIVE  DIETS. 

1.  In  Austria,     (1794.) 

2.  In  Bohemia  and  Moravia.     (184^.) 

3.  In  Prussia.  (Influence  of  Frederick  William  I,  and 
Frederick  II. 

4.  In  Bavaria.     (1790). 

5.  In  Saxony.     (Prince  Xaver).  ' 

6.  In  Wiirtemberg.     (Contest  vs^ith  Carl  Sugen). 

7.  General  characteristics. 

8.  Universal  decline  and  fall  of  the  Diets. 

IV.  CONDITIOY  OF  THE  PEOPLE  AND  THEIR  RELATION  TO 
THE  GOVERNMENT. 

I  Teachings  of  Protestants  and  Catholics  concerning  their 
political  duties. 

2.  Results  showrn  by  sayings  of  Moser,  Sturtz,  and  Saltzmann. 

3.  Relations  of  births  and  deaths  show^n  by  Beidermann. 

4'  Deplorable  condition  depicted :  {a)  By  extracts  from 
Sugenheim,  Mad.  Reidesel  and  Frederick  the  Great ;  {b)  By  ex- 
amples   of   Moser,    Schubart,    and    Bettschart ;    {c)    Schiller's 

Robbers. 
D 


26  The   Rise   of  Prussia. 

IV. 

RELIGIOUS  AND   MORAL  CON  DITION 
OF  GERMANY   DURING  THE  18TH 
.  CENTURY.         

I.  RELIGIOUS  CONDITION. 

1.  Reaction  throu^liout  Europe  from  the  religious  fervor  of 
the  sixteenth  ami  seventeenth  centuries. 

2.  The  Catholics  ;  the  Lutherans ;  the  Calvinists. 

3.  Early  views  of  the  Church  concerning  witchcraft.  "•  The 
Witches'  Mammerr 

4.  Belief  in  witchcraft  encouraged  by  the  Reformation.. 

5.  Extent  to  which  belief  in  witciicraft  prevailed. 

6.  Extent  to  which  witchcraft  was  punisiied. 

7.  ''  The  last  of  the  Witches." 

II.  MORAL  CONDITION. 

1.  Pervasive    force    of    French     Manners     in    the    time     of 
Louis  XIV. 

2.  Court  life  as  depi(!ted  by  PoUnitz,  and  by  the  Margravine 
of  Bayreuth. 

3.  The  Court  of  Augustus  II  of  vSaxony. 

4.  The  Court  of  Charles  William  of  Baden. 

^.  General  Characteristics  of  other  larger  Courts. 

6.  The  minor  Courts. 

7.  Universal  prevalence  of  French  ideas  and  tastes. 

8.  Moral  condition  of  the  peasantry  shown  by  statistics. 


The  Rise  of  Prussiv.  27 

V. 

BEGINNINGS  OF  PRUSSIAN  HISTORY. 


T.  PERIOD  OF  CHAOS- 

1.  Early  condition  of  Brandenburg  and  Prussia. 

2.  The  Ilohenzollerns  twenty-five  centuries  back. 

3.  "  Brandenburg  in  the  hands  of  Pawnbrokers." 

4.  Battle  of  Tannenburg  and  its  results. 

5.  Qiiitclaim  to  Burgrave  Frederick. 

6.  Investiture  at  Constance.     (April  17.  1417.) 

II.  PERIOD  OF  THE  ELECTORS. 

1.  General  character  of  Electors  illustrated  by  their  titles. 

3.  Acquisition  of  Neumarck  and  Pomerania. 

2.  Co-infeftment  {Mltbelehnung)  of  Prussia. 

4.  The  Cleves-Julich  alVair  and  its  influence. 

5.  Depression  of  Brandenburg  under  George  William. 
(1619-1640). 

6.  TheGreat  Elector,  Frederick  William;  (1640-1688)  :  {a) 
His  victories  over  foreign  eneinies  ;  {b)  His  victories  over  domes- 
tic enemies,  Von  Kalkstein  and  others ;  {c)  His  victories  in 
l)eace  ;  {d )  His  claim  to  his  title  sliown  by  the  condition  of  the 
country  when  he  began  and  when  he  ended.  "■  Messieurs^  celui 
cl  a  fait  de  grand  chose T 

7.  Louisa  of  Nassau  Orange. 

8.  Frederick  I.,  twelfth  Elector  and  first  King. 


2$  The  Rise  of  Prussia, 

VI. 

ESTABLISHMENT  OF  MONARCHY. 


I.  FREDERICK  I. 

1.  Frederick  helped  to  the  Crown  :  {^d)  By  his  own  qualities  ; 
{b)  By  the  conditson  of  his  country  ;  (c)  By  the  general  condi- 
tion of  Europe  ;   (</)   By  '"his  ancestors." 

2.  Glimpse  of  the  times  given  in  the  Apotheosis  of  Etiquette. 
(December  17,  1700.) 

3.  Services  of  Frederic  in  the  advancement  of  learning  :  {a) 
By  the  elevation  of  scholars ; — Lenfant,  Beausobre,  Spener, 
Thomasius,  Leibnitz  ;  {b)  By  founding  of  institutions  ; — Univer- 
sity of  Halle  ; — Academy  of  Sciences. 

4.  His  military  successes; — Bonn,  Blenhiem,  Malplaquet. 

5.  His  financial  and  economical  errors. 

II.  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  I. 

1.  Erroneous  estimation  in  which  he  is  usually  held. 

2.  His  ambition  as  the  '*  Nation's  Husband." 

3.  How  he  teaches  economy:  (a)  By  reforming  the  Court; 
{b)  By  management  of  royal  domains  ;  (c)  By  the  use  of  his 
ratan  ;   {d)  By  his  personal  example. 

4.  How  he  makes  the  nation  military  :  {a)  By  method  of 
chosing  officers  ;  (<5)  By  making  himself  a  drill-sergeant ;  {c)  By 
instituting  the  spirit  of  obedience  ;  {d)  By  training  his  son  as  his 
successor  ;   (^^  By  exciting  the  popular  imagination. 

5.  General  spirit  of  the  times  at  the  king's  death  in  1740. 


The  Rise  of  Prussia.  29 

VII. 

EDUCATION    AND   APPRENTICESHIP 
OF  FREDERICK  THE  GREAT. 


1.  Educational  paradoxes. 

2.  Anxiety  shown  in  letters  of  father  and  grandfather. 

3.  Parental  ideas  concerning  education  shown  in  orders  to 
instructors.  ' 

4.  Studies  pursued  openly  :  his  regular  work. 

5.  Studies  pursued  clandestinely  :  his  irregular  work. 

6.  Method  of  spending  his  vacations. 

7.  Results  counted  :  («)  In  habits  of  work  ;  {b)  In  habits  of 
economy ;  (c)  In  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin ;  {d)  In  theo- 
logical doctrines  and  beliefs ;  (^)  In  alienating  his  father ;  (y) 
In  methods  of  spending  his  leisure  ;  (^)  In  fondness  for  the 
French  language  and  French  literature. 

8.  Attempted  flight  of  the  Prince. 

9.  Imprisonment  at  Ciistrin. 

10.  Intercession  for  the  life  of  the  Prince. 

1 1 .  Punishment  commuted  on  condition  of  new  oath  of  alle- 
giance. 

12.  New  studies  and  labors. 

13.  Thinks  of  marriage,  and  at  length  is  married^. 

14.  Final  reconciliation  with  his  father. 

15.  Scenes  at  the  time  of  the  succession. 

16.  The  apparent  and  the  real  character  of  the  new  monarch. 


3©  The  Rise  of  Prussia, 

VIII. 

REIGN    OF  FREDERICK  THE   GREAT. 


FIRST  LECTURE. 
I.  DURING  PEACE. 

1.  His  management  of  domestic  affairs  shown: — (a)  By 
establishment  of  corn  magazines;  (<5)  By  abohtion  of  legal  tor- 
tures ;  {c)  By  founding  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  (^  )  By  granting 
religious  toleration  ;  (^)  By  establishing  virtual  freedom  of  the 
Press. 

2.  His  methods  of  diplomacy  shown  : — i^a)  By  the  Cleves- 
Julich  affair  ;   (3)   By  the  Herestal  affair. 

3.  Life  at  Reinsberg  suddenly  interrupted. 

II.  FIRST  SILESIAN  WAR. 

I.  Nature  of  the  claim  to  Silesia.     \^Erbverb)'iiderung .'\ 
3.  Macaulay's  great  error. 

3.  Frederick  determines  to  secure  the  Province. 

4.  His  designs  and  his  success. 

5.  Maria  Theresa  ;  and  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

6.  Rumbling  political  portents. 

7.  Battles  of  Molwitz  and  Chotustz ;  and  what  they 
revealed. 

8.  Peace  of  Breslau.     [June  11,  174^.] 

9.  Fi'cderico  Magno. 

10.  Settlement  of  affairs  in  Silesia. 

II.  Permanent  attitude  of  Silesia  towards  Prussia. 


The  Rise  of  Prussia.  3f 

IX. 

REIGN  OF   FREDERICK   THE   GREAT. 


SECOND  LECTURE. 


SECOND    AND    THIRD    SILESIAN    WARS     AND    THE      PARTITION     OF 

POLAND. 

I.  SECOND  SILESIAN  WAR. 

1.  Frederick  is  at  peacs  ;  but  lie  silently  gets  ready,  and  why. 

2.  Belleisle's  mischief. 

3.  "  L' Infame  Catin  du  JVord" 

4.  Maria  Theresa's  character  and  devotion. 

5.  Erederick  single-handed  strikes  at  his  enemies. 

6.  Character  of  the  war. 

7.  Peace  of  Dresden.     [December  25,  i745-] 

II.  SEVEN  YEARS'  WAR. 

1.  After  ten   years  of  peace,  a   secret  is  out,  and  Frederick 
again  strikes  the  first  blow. 

2.  Strength  and  weakness  of  Frederick  as  compared  with  his 
enemies. 

3.  Extraordinary  character  of  the  war  shown  by  a  glimpse 
at  some  of  its  campaigns  and  battles. 

4.  Treaties  of  Hubertsburg  and  Paris. 

5.  Frederick    with    eight    Saxon     scnoolmasters    returns    to 
Berlin. 

6.  Closing  of  the  Temple  of  Janus. 

III.  THE  PARTITION  OF  POLAND. 

1.  The  Polish  question  of  old. 

2.  Internal  condition  of  Poland ;  Henry  III,  Augustus  II. 

3.  Its  relations  with  its  neighbors. 

4.  Real  causes  of  the  partition, 

5.  Efl'ect  of  the  partition  on  Poland  ;  on  Prussia. 


32  The  Rise  of  Prussia. 

X. 

REIGN    OF   FREDERICK  THE   GREAT. 


THIRD  LECTURE. 


RKPAIRING  OF  THE  NATION. 

I.  The  apparent  and  the  real  condition  of  the  kingdom  at 
the  close  of  the  wars  : — Frederick's  own  picture. 

3.  Services  of  the  king  in  improving  agriculture  and  indus- 
try : — Landrath  Niissler  ;  evidence  from  Biisching's  Fragment. 

3.  His  services  in  instituting  legal  reforms  ; — {a)  Reforms 
undertaken  in  1846  ;  (^)  Appoints  Minister  of  Justice  Cocceji ; 
(c)  Plan  of  reform  ;  (^)  Conflict  between  departments  and  legal 
authorities  ;   {e)  General  result. 

4.  His  system  of  revenues :  {a)  New  excise  system ;  {h) 
Work  of  Helvetius ;  (c)  Work  of  De  Launy ;  {d)  The  king  at 
the  coflee  mill. 

5.  His  methods  of  general  adminisiration :  {a)  Instructions 
for  guidance  of  ministers ;  {b)  Separation  of  the  estates ;  {c) 
New  colonies  and  new  manufactures. 

6.  The  organization  of  the  army  :  {a)  Strictness  of  discip- 
line ;   (3)   Spirit  of  the  army. 

7.  His  theories  of  the  relations  of  the  governing  and  the 
governed. 

8.  Pernicious  influence  of  this  theory  on  individual  develop- 
ment. 

9.  Glimpse  of  Prussian  Government  given  by  Arnold's  case, 
and  others. 

10.  The  Eilrstenbund. 

I I .  Concluding  estimate  of  Frederick  and  his  work  : — Letter 
of  D  Alembert  to  Madame  du  Deffaud. 

12.  "Hitherto  the  last  of  the  kings." 


The  Rise  of  Prussia.  33 

XI. 

PRUSSIA  FROM  THE  DEATH  OF  FRED- 
ERICK THE  GREAT  TO  THE  BATTLE 
OF  JENA.    H786-1806:) 


I.  FREDERIC  WILLIAM  II.    (1686-1797.) 

I.  The   king    overlooks    the    best    and  imitates    the   worst' 
features  of  his  predecessor's  policy. 

3.  Results  illustrated  by  the  declarations  of  Mirabeau  and 
Billow, 

3.  Illustrations  of  this  result    drawn :    {a)    From    domestic 
policy  ;   {h)  From  foreign  policy. 

4.  Complications     with     France :       («)     Territorial ;      (3) 
Political. 

5.  Coalition  with  Austria,  and  Declaration  of  War. 

6.  Revival  of  old  feuds  and  withdrawal  of  Prussia. 

II.  FREDERICK   WILLIAM    III.     (17S4-1806.) 

1 .  Changes  in  the  Policy  of  Prussia. 

2.  The  new  Coalition  and  its  consequences. 

3.  The  military  condition  of  Prussia  and  of  other  States  of 
the  coalition. 

4.  Napoleon's  policy  and  his  ultimatum. 

5.  The  political  consequences  of  Ulm  and  Austerlitz. 

6.  Prussia  sees  her  error  and  tries  in  vain  to  amend  it. 

7.  Deplorable  condition  of  the  army. 

8.  Jena  and  Auerstadt. 

9.  Moral  and  military  humiliation  of  Germany : — especially 
that  of  Prussia. 

10.  "  Es  geibt  kein  Deutschland  mehr.'' 
E 


34  Th^  Rise  of  Prussia. 

XIT. 

THE   RECOVERY  OF  PRUSSIA  AFTER 

JENA. 


FIRST  LE  CrURE. 


I.  INTELLECTUAL  AND  MORAL  AWAKENING. 

1.  General  service  of  the  new  German  Philosophy. 

2.  Special  service  of  Fichte : — Rcden  au  die  Deutsche 
Nation. 

3.  Special  service  of  Arndt ;  and  others. 

4.  The  letters  of  Von  Stein. 

5.  The  work  of  the  Universities. 

6.  General  results  seen  in  the  formation  of  the  Tuge7ibu7id., 
the  Tui'7ischule.7i  and  the  Bursche7ischa.fte7t. 

11.  POLITITAL  AND  MILITARY  AWAKENING. 

1.  Call  of  Frederic  William  III.     '"  An  7nei7i   VolkT 

2.  The  spirit  and  influence  of  Qiieen  Louisa. 

3.  The  political  reforms  inaugurated  by  Von  Stein  :  {a)  In 
extending  the  rights  of  the  peasantry  ;  {b)  In  giving  greater  free- 
dom to  municipalities;  {b)  In  relieving  the  embarrassment  of 
debtors. 

4.  The  political  measures  of  Hardenburg :  (^)  In  domestic 
aflairs  ;    {b)  In  foreign  aflairs. 

5.  The  services  of  Scharnhorst  in  remodelling  the  army. 

6.  The  far-reaching  eflects  of  these  reforms. 

7.  Fall  of  "  yunkei'thu7n^''  '"  Paperasse7'ie"  and  "  Ces 
Pe7'ruques.'' 


The  Rise  of  Prussia,  35 

XIII. 

THE   RECOVERY  OF  PRUSSIA   AFTER 

JENA. 


SECOND  LECTURE, 


THE  PRUSSIAN  SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 

I.  GROWTH  OF  THE  SYSTEM. 

1.  Importance  of  the  subject  as  viewed  by  Europeans  and  by 
Americans. 

2.  Preliminary  sketch  of  education  in  Germany  previous  to 
the  last  century. 

3.  General  educational  aw^akening  after  Jena. 

4.  Work  of  Pestalozzi,  Frobel,  Von  Humboldt  and  others. 

5.  Relations  of  the  State  to  the  work  of  education  shown  : — 
(a)  In  its  sweeping  away  old  institutions  and  erecting  new  ones; 
(^;  In  its  requirements  of  professional  men  and  others. 

6.  The  establishment  of  new  Universities  ; — Berlin,  Breslau, 
Bonn,  Strasburg. 

11.   THE  SYSTEM  AS  DEVELOPED. 

1.  Conditions  on  which  the  success  of  any  system  depends. 

2.  These  conditions  admirably  supplied  in  Prussia  :  {a)  By 
public  opinion  ;    {b)  By  the  Government. 

3.  Provision  for  excellent  teachers  : — Normal  schools. 

4.  Educational  requirements  of  professional  men. 

5.  Primary  schools : — methods  of  instruction. 

6.  Gymnasia  and  real  schulen  : — methods  of  instruction. 

7.  The  Universities  : — methods  of  instruction. 

8.  Technical  schools  : — methods  of  instruction. 

9.  Prevalence  of  classical  schools,  and  opinion  of  German 
scholars  concerning  them. 

10.  Results  as  seen  in  the  attainment  of  professors  and 
students.  [Hart's  description  of  a  "first  rate"  and  of  a  "second 
rate  "  German  student. 

11.  The  Staff  system  of  instruction  of  oflEicers  in  the  army. 

1 2.  General  results  of  the  system  as  a  whole  on  the  growth 
of  the  nation. 


36  The  Rise  of  Prussia. 

XIV. 

POLITICAL    CONDITION    FROM    THE 
CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA  TO  THE  CON- 
.  VULSIONSOF  1848. 


I.    THE  CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA. 

1 .  The  character  and  work  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  new  German  Confederation  and  the  place  of  Prussia 
in  it. 

3.  Injustice  to  the  claims  of  Prussia. 

4.  The  Zollverein. 

II.   POLICY  OF  REPRESSION. 

1.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolution  on  the  people  and  on 
the  Government. 

2.  Popular  discontents   growing   out   of  the   attitude  of  the 
Government. 

3.  Rising  revolutionary  spiri  t : — Assassination  of  Kotzebue, 
and  its  evil  eflects. 

4.  Circulars  of  Bernstorff  and  Metternich. 

5.  The  Act  of  Confederation  of  May  17,  1820. 

6.  The  Provincial  Estates  as  constituted  by  the  edict  of  June 
5,  1823. 

7.  Influence  of  the  Belgian  and  Polish  Revolutions. 

8.  Stringent  measures  of  the  Government. 

9.  Outbreaks  in  Cologne,  Frankfurt  and  elsewhere. 

10.  Demands  of  the   Diet  on  the  accession  of  William  IV. 

11.  Equivocating  policy  of  the  king. 

12.  Convocation  of  the  General  Diet  in  1847. 

14.  The  conservatives  triumph,  and  the  seeds  of  revolution 
*re  left  to  germinate. 

14.  The  convulsions  of  1848  in  Berlin  and  elsewhere. 

15.  The  new  Prussian  Constitution  as  a  result. 


The  Rise  of  Prussia.  37 

XV. 

THE  STATESMANSHIP  OF  BISMARCK. 


I.  PERIOD   OF   POLITICAL   EDUCATION. 

1.  Bismark's  early  life  and  prepossessions. 

2.  His  methods  and  character  as  revealed  in  his  letters. 

3.  His  political  apprenticeship  :  («;  In  cafes  ;  {b)  In  the  Fed- 
eral Diet ;   (c)  In  foreign  Courts. 

4.  Three  convictions  early  established :  («)  Concerning  the 
Federal  Diet ;  {F)  Concerning  the  relative  positions  of  Prussia  and 
Austria  ;  (c)  Concerning  the  Government  of  Prussia. 

5.  Becomes  Minister-President.     (1862.) 

II.  PERIOD  OF  POLITICAL  TRIUMPH. 

1.  Political  creed,  and  political  hopes  of  the  conservative 
party  : — Remarks  of  Professor  Droysen. 

2.  ''Iron  and  Blood." 

3.  Negotiations  begun  with  Austria. 

4.  The  Frankfurt  Reform  Act. 

5.  The  demands  of  Prussia. 

6.  The  Schleswig-Holstein  Question. 

7.  Schleswig-Holstein  ceded  to  Germany. 

8.  The  demands  respectively  of  Austria  and  Prussia. 

9.  The  Enigma  of  Gastein. 

10.  Austria  under  Von  Beust 

11.  Reconciliation  is  found  impossible. 

12.  Alliance  of  Prussia  and  Italy. 

13.  The  six  weeks'  campaign,  and  its  far-reaching  results. 


3j5  The  Rise  of  Prussia, 

XVI. 

THE  FRUITS  OF  BISMARCK'S  POLICY. 


I.  IMMEDIATE  REWARDS  OF  VICTORY. 

1.  Austria  excluded  from  Germany. 

2.  Large  accessions   to   Prussian  territory :    Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  Hanover,  Hessen-Cassel,  Nassau  and  Frankfurt. 

3.  Formation  of  the  North-German  Confederation. 

4.  Alliance  with  the  South-German  States. 

5.  Obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  complete  union. 

6.  Political  significance  to  Germany  of  the  Franco-German 
war. 

7.  Union  of  Germany  under  William  I  as  Emperor. 

11.  RECONSURUCTED   GERMANY. 

1.  The  constitutional  peculiarities  of  the  Union. 

2.  The  Government  of  Prussia  :   {a)  The  power  of  the  king  ; 
(3)  The  organization  of  Parliament ;  (c)    Local  administration. 

3.  The  Prussia  of  to-day. 

4.  Realized  ambitions. 


RETROSPECTIVE    GLANCES. 

1.  Great  men. 

2.  Eminent  men  in  positions  of  power. 

3.  Law-abiding  spirit 

4.  Fondness  for  what  is  genuine. 

5.  The  power  of  a  thorough  and  universal  system  of  training. 

6.  Of  Aristotle's  two  conditions  of  good  government,  Prussia 
has  fulfilled  one :  What  nation  has  fulfilled  them  both.'* 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subjea  to  immediate  recall. 

1 

r....,,  , ^ 

MAY  1  i  1963 

Tl>ll^9jl''oT4VeB"                            vJ^S^^or^ 

PAMPHLET  BINDER 


JNUS 
/AM 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


